Proxy Salvation under the Davidic Covenant

When Israel transgressed and God's protection of his people broke down under the terms of the Sinai Covenant, God instituted the Davidic Covenant as a second means whereby they could obtain his protection. Under the Sinai Covenant, which was a national covenant, Israel needed to maintain loyalty to God as a nation if it would obtain God's protection against enemies who threatened them. Such divine protection happened under Moses and Joshua, when Israel was consistently victorious against its enemies. But when Israel's loyalty to God lapsed, so did God's protection, and by the time of the prophet Samuel the Philistines were about to wipe Israel off the map.

While the Davidic Covenant constituted a lesser covenant for God's people than the Sinai Covenant had been, for King David and his heirs it was a higher covenant. To obtain God's protection, all that was now required of the people was to remain loyal to their king by keeping the king's law. The king, on the other hand, was required to keep God's law. Doing so, however, included answering to God for his people's loyalties or disloyalties as would a vassal king to an emperor. Thus was instituted the principle of proxy salvation, in which a king at times suffers grievously to obtain God's protection, as Hezekiah did at Assyria's siege of Jerusalem (Isaiah 38:1-6, 9-20).

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